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Theming Melvin

Customize Melvin 4 with our new built-in Sass variables for global style preferences for easy theming and component changes.

Introduction

In Melvin, theming is accomplished by Sass variables, Sass maps, and custom CSS. There’s no more dedicated theme stylesheet; instead, you can enable the built-in theme to add gradients, shadows, and more.

Sass

Utilize our source Sass files to take advantage of variables, maps, mixins, and more.

File structure

You’ll have a file structure that looks like this:

GULP VERSION/
├── style
│   └── application.scss
├── js
│   └── application.js
└── node_modules/
    └── bootstrap
        └── scss

If you’ve downloaded our source files and aren’t using a package manager, you’ll want to manually setup something similar to this structure.

Variable defaults

Every Sass variable in Melvin 4 allow you to modify the variable’s value in your own Sass. If a variable has already been assigned, then it won’t be re-assigned by the default values in Melvin.

You will find the complete list of Melvin’s variables in style/_variables.scss.

Here’s an example that changes the background-color and color for the <body> when importing and compiling Melvin via gulp:

// Your variable overrides
$body-bg: #000;
$body-color: #111;

Repeat as necessary for any variable in Melvin, including the global options below.

Maps and loops

Melvin 4 includes a handful of Sass maps, key value pairs that make it easier to generate families of related CSS. We use Sass maps for our colors, grid breakpoints, and more. Just like Sass variables.

Some of our Sass maps are merged into empty ones by default. This is done to allow easy expansion of a given Sass map, but comes at the cost of making removing items from a map slightly more difficult.

Modify map

To modify an existing color in our $theme-colors map, add the following to your custom Sass file:

$theme-colors: (
  "primary": #0074d9,
  "danger": #ff4136
);

Add to map

To add a new color to $theme-colors, add the new key and value:

$theme-colors: (
  "custom-color": #900
);

Remove from map

To remove colors from $theme-colors, or any other map, use map-remove.

Required keys

Melvin assumes the presence of some specific keys within Sass maps as we used and extend these ourselves. As you customize the included maps, you may encounter errors where a specific Sass map’s key is being used.

For example, we use the primary, success, and danger keys from $theme-colors for links, buttons, and form states. Replacing the values of these keys should present no issues, but removing them may cause Sass compilation issues. In these instances, you’ll need to modify the Sass code that makes use of those values.

Functions

Melvin utilizes several Sass functions, but only a subset are applicable to general theming. We’ve included three functions for getting values from the color maps:

@function color($key: "blue") {
  @return map-get($colors, $key);
}

@function theme-color($key: "primary") {
  @return map-get($theme-colors, $key);
}

@function gray($key: "100") {
  @return map-get($grays, $key);
}

These allow you to pick one color from a Sass map much like how you’d use a color variable from v3.

.custom-element {
  color: gray("100");
  background-color: theme-color("dark");
}

We also have another function for getting a particular level of color from the $theme-colors map. Negative level values will lighten the color, while higher levels will darken.

@function theme-color-level($color-name: "primary", $level: 0) {
  $color: theme-color($color-name);
  $color-base: if($level > 0, #000, #fff);
  $level: abs($level);

  @return mix($color-base, $color, $level * $theme-color-interval);
}

In practice, you’d call the function and pass in two parameters: the name of the color from $theme-colors (e.g., primary or danger) and a numeric level.

.custom-element {
  color: theme-color-level(primary, -10);
}

Additional functions could be added in the future or your own custom Sass to create level functions for additional Sass maps, or even a generic one if you wanted to be more verbose.

Color contrast

One additional function we include in Melvin is the color contrast function, color-yiq. It utilizes the YIQ color space to automatically return a light (#fff) or dark (#111) contrast color based on the specified base color. This function is especially useful for mixins or loops where you’re generating multiple classes.

For example, to generate color swatches from our $theme-colors map:

@each $color, $value in $theme-colors {
  .swatch-#{$color} {
    color: color-yiq($value);
  }
}

It can also be used for one-off contrast needs:

.custom-element {
  color: color-yiq(#000); // returns `color: #fff`
}

You can also specify a base color with our color map functions:

.custom-element {
  color: color-yiq(theme-color("dark")); // returns `color: #fff`
}

Sass options

Customize Melvin 4 with our built-in custom variables file and easily toggle global CSS preferences with new $enable-* Sass variables. Override a variable’s value and recompile with npm run test as needed.

You can find and customize these variables for key global options in Melvin’s scss/_variables.scss file.

Variable Values Description
$spacer 1rem (default), or any value > 0 Specifies the default spacer value to programmatically generate our spacer utilities.
$enable-rounded true (default) or false Enables predefined border-radius styles on various components.
$enable-shadows true or false (default) Enables predefined box-shadow styles on various components.
$enable-gradients true or false (default) Enables predefined gradients via background-image styles on various components.
$enable-transitions true (default) or false Enables predefined transitions on various components.
$enable-hover-media-query true or false (default) Deprecated
$enable-grid-classes true (default) or false Enables the generation of CSS classes for the grid system (e.g., .container, .row, .col-md-1, etc.).
$enable-caret true (default) or false Enables pseudo element caret on .dropdown-toggle.
$enable-print-styles true (default) or false Enables styles for optimizing printing.

Color

Many of Melvin’s various components and utilities are built through a series of colors defined in a Sass map. This map can be looped over in Sass to quickly generate a series of rulesets.

All colors

All colors available in Melvin 4, are available as Sass variables and a Sass map in scss/_variables.scss file. This will be expanded upon in subsequent minor releases to add additional shades, much like the grayscale palette we already include.

Blue
Indigo
Purple
Pink
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Teal
Cyan

Here’s how you can use these in your Sass:

// With variable
.alpha { color: $purple; }

// From the Sass map with our `color()` function
.beta { color: color("purple"); }

Color utility classes are also available for setting color and background-color.

In the future, we’ll aim to provide Sass maps and variables for shades of each color as we’ve done with the grayscale colors below.

Theme colors

We use a subset of all colors to create a smaller color palette for generating color schemes, also available as Sass variables and a Sass map in Melvins’s scss/_variables.scss file.

Primary
Secondary
Success
Danger
Warning
Info
Light
Dark
Tertiary
Quaternary
Quinary
Senary
Septenary
Octonary
Nonary
Denary

Grays

An expansive set of gray variables and a Sass map in scss/_variables.scss for consistent shades of gray across your project.

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

Within scss/_variables.scss, you’ll find Melvin’s color variables and Sass map. Here’s an example of the $colors Sass map:

$colors: (
  "blue": $blue,
  "indigo": $indigo,
  "purple": $purple,
  "pink": $pink,
  "red": $red,
  "orange": $orange,
  "yellow": $yellow,
  "green": $green,
  "teal": $teal,
  "cyan": $cyan,
  "white": $white,
  "gray": $gray-600,
  "gray-dark": $gray-800
) !default;

Add, remove, or modify values within the map to update how they’re used in many other components. Unfortunately at this time, not every component utilizes this Sass map. Future updates will strive to improve upon this. Until then, plan on making use of the ${color} variables and this Sass map.

Components

Many of Melvin’s components and utilities are built with @each loops that iterate over a Sass map. This is especially helpful for generating variants of a component by our $theme-colors and creating responsive variants for each breakpoint. As you customize these Sass maps and recompile, you’ll automatically see your changes reflected in these loops.

Modifiers

Many of Melvin’s components are built with a base-modifier class approach. This means the bulk of the styling is contained to a base class (e.g., .btn) while style variations are confined to modifier classes (e.g., .btn-danger). These modifier classes are built from the $theme-colors map to make customizing the number and name of our modifier classes.

Here are two examples of how we loop over the $theme-colors map to generate modifiers to the .alert component and all our .bg-* background utilities.

// Generate alert modifier classes
@each $color, $value in $theme-colors {
  .alert-#{$color} {
    @include alert-variant(theme-color-level($color, -10), theme-color-level($color, -9), theme-color-level($color, 6));
  }
}

// Generate `.bg-*` color utilities
@each $color, $value in $theme-colors {
  @include bg-variant('.bg-#{$color}', $value);
}

Responsive

These Sass loops aren’t limited to color maps, either. You can also generate responsive variations of your components or utilities. Take for example our responsive text alignment utilities where we mix an @each loop for the $grid-breakpoints Sass map with a media query include.

@each $breakpoint in map-keys($grid-breakpoints) {
  @include media-breakpoint-up($breakpoint) {
    $infix: breakpoint-infix($breakpoint, $grid-breakpoints);

    .text#{$infix}-left   { text-align: left !important; }
    .text#{$infix}-right  { text-align: right !important; }
    .text#{$infix}-center { text-align: center !important; }
  }
}

Should you need to modify your $grid-breakpoints, your changes will apply to all the loops iterating over that map.

CSS variables

Melvin 4 includes around two dozen CSS custom properties (variables) in its compiled CSS. These provide easy access to commonly used values like our theme colors, breakpoints, and primary font stacks when working in your browser’s Inspector, a code sandbox, or general prototyping.

Available variables

Here are the variables we include (note that the :root is required). They’re located in our _root.scss file.

:root {
  --white : #fff;
  --black : #000;
  --red : #ff4040;
  --orange: #F57C00;
  --yellow: #eded47;
  --green : #38D57B;
  --blue : #4490db;
  --teal : #1AC3FB;
  --pink : #FF6B89;
  --indigo : #3949AB;
  --purple: #C774FF;
  --cyan : #17a2b8;
  --blue-grey: #4d7c92;
  --metal: #4B64A6;
  --lime: #FF6BFF;
  --aqua: #59B3A6;
  --persian-green: #b37059;
  --gray-dark : #292b2c;
  --gray : #464a4c;
  --gray-light : #636c72;
  --gray-lighter : #d8d8d8;
  --gray-lightest : #f0f0f0;
  --gray-100: #eef1f4; //f6f6f6
  --gray-200: #e9ecef;
  --gray-300: #dee2e6;
  --gray-400: #ced4da;
  --gray-500: #adb5bd;
  --gray-600: #868e96;
  --gray-700: #495057;
  --gray-800: #222c32;
  --gray-900: #171e22;
  --gray-1000: #151515;
  --light: #f4f6f8;
  --breakpoint-xs: 0;
  --breakpoint-sm: 576px;
  --breakpoint-md: 768px;
  --breakpoint-lg: 992px;
  --breakpoint-xl: 1200px;
  --breakpoint-xxl: 1365px 
  --font-family-sans-serif: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";
  --font-family-monospace: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace;
}

Examples

CSS variables offer similar flexibility to Sass’s variables, but without the need for compilation before being served to the browser. For example, here we’re resetting our page’s font and link styles with CSS variables.

body {
  font: 1rem/1.5 var(--font-family-sans-serif);
}
a {
  color: var(--blue);
}

Breakpoint variables

While we originally included breakpoints in our CSS variables (e.g., --breakpoint-md), these are not supported in media queries, but they can still be used within rulesets in media queries. These breakpoint variables remain in the compiled CSS for backward compatibility given they can be utilized by JavaScript. Learn more in the spec.

Here’s an example of what’s not supported:

@media (min-width: var(--breakpoint-sm)) {
  ...
}

And here’s an example of what is supported:

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .custom-element {
    color: var(--primary);
  }
}